fechar
fechar
Sua Rede do Amanhã
Sua Rede do Amanhã
Planeje seu caminho rumo a uma rede mais rápida, segura e resiliente projetada para os aplicativos e usuários aos quais você oferece suporte.
          Experimente a Netskope
          Get Hands-on With the Netskope Platform
          Here's your chance to experience the Netskope One single-cloud platform first-hand. Sign up for self-paced, hands-on labs, join us for monthly live product demos, take a free test drive of Netskope Private Access, or join us for a live, instructor-led workshops.
            Líder em SSE. Agora é líder em SASE de fornecedor único.
            Líder em SSE. Agora é líder em SASE de fornecedor único.
            A Netskope estreia como líder no Quadrante Mágico™ do Gartner® para Single-Vendor SASE
              Protegendo a IA generativa para leigos
              Protegendo a IA generativa para leigos
              Learn how your organization can balance the innovative potential of generative AI with robust data security practices.
                Modern data loss prevention (DLP) for Dummies eBook
                Prevenção Contra Perda de Dados (DLP) Moderna para Leigos
                Get tips and tricks for transitioning to a cloud-delivered DLP.
                  Livro SD-WAN moderno para SASE Dummies
                  Modern SD-WAN for SASE Dummies
                  Pare de brincar com sua arquitetura de rede
                    Compreendendo onde estão os riscos
                    Advanced Analytics transforms the way security operations teams apply data-driven insights to implement better policies. With Advanced Analytics, you can identify trends, zero in on areas of concern and use the data to take action.
                        Os 6 casos de uso mais atraentes para substituição completa de VPN herdada
                        Os 6 casos de uso mais atraentes para substituição completa de VPN herdada
                        Netskope One Private Access is the only solution that allows you to retire your VPN for good.
                          A Colgate-Palmolive protege sua “propriedade intelectual "” com proteção de dados inteligente e adaptável
                          A Colgate-Palmolive protege sua “propriedade intelectual "” com proteção de dados inteligente e adaptável
                            Netskope GovCloud
                            Netskope obtém alta autorização do FedRAMP
                            Escolha o Netskope GovCloud para acelerar a transformação de sua agência.
                              Let's Do Great Things Together
                              A estratégia de comercialização da Netskope, focada em Parcerias, permite que nossos Parceiros maximizem seu crescimento e lucratividade enquanto transformam a segurança corporativa.
                                Netskope solutions
                                Netskope Cloud Exchange
                                Netskope Cloud Exchange (CE) provides customers with powerful integration tools to leverage investments across their security posture.
                                  Suporte Técnico Netskope
                                  Suporte Técnico Netskope
                                  Nossos engenheiros de suporte qualificados estão localizados em todo o mundo e têm diversas experiências em segurança de nuvem, rede, virtualização, fornecimento de conteúdo e desenvolvimento de software, garantindo assistência técnica de qualidade e em tempo hábil.
                                    Vídeo da Netskope
                                    Treinamento Netskope
                                    Os treinamentos da Netskope vão ajudar você a ser um especialista em segurança na nuvem. Conte conosco para ajudá-lo a proteger a sua jornada de transformação digital e aproveitar ao máximo as suas aplicações na nuvem, na web e privadas.

                                      Permission Isolation in GCP

                                      Aug 09 2019

                                      When Identity and Access Management (IAM) permissions are not sufficiently isolated using the structure provided by the Google Cloud Platform (GCP), the results could be disastrous. Ideally, if you must provide a service account with permissions at a Folder or Organization level, the service account should be created in its own project, which is well insulated from external traffic and contains multiple layers of protection.

                                      For example, a GCP project that contains externally exposed workloads and also has a service account with permissions at the Organization level is something that should never occur in your environment. This situation could allow an attacker to tear down security controls, establish persistence, and expose data. This post will go into more detail about how someone could effectively exploit this type of configuration, specifically looking at GCP’s Compute Engine.

                                      The content in this post is based upon a presentation I did at DEFCON 27. For more information about a specific scenario that eliminated a service perimeter and exposed data, refer to the slides from my DEFCON talk available here.

                                      Assigning Permissions in GCP

                                      Identity types in GCP include users, groups, domains, and service accounts. They are all assigned permissions in GCP the same way, by assigning them roles at various levels of the GCP Organization structure. When permissions are assigned to an identity, it’s called an IAM binding. As you can see in the diagram below (from Google’s documentation), bindings can be applied at every point of the hierarchy, and the permissions are inherited down:

                                      The roles are actually just a collection of permitted API calls. The roles in the diagram above are called predefined roles, which are provided by Google. The predefined roles are based on certain job functions. Google also supplies primitive roles by default, which are not recommended for use. The primitive roles are fairly permissive, they are the following:

                                      • Viewer – read-only permissions to view resources or data 
                                      • Editor – permissions to modify existing resources (as well as create / delete in most services)
                                      • Owner – permissions to modify resources, as well as manage permissions and billing

                                      Once these primitive roles are assigned at the project level, the identity has the permissions for all the resources in that project. Keep the Project Editor role in mind, as we will come back to it.

                                      Service Accounts and Impersonation

                                      A service account in GCP is an identity that is provided to allow applications to authenticate and make calls to the GCP APIs. It does not use passwords, but uses RSA keys to authenticate. If you are familiar with IAM roles in AWS, this is the same concept for GCP. When you assign a service account to a resource, Google automatically rotates the keys for you. This is better than having to store static credentials in your code.  

                                      One important concept to keep in mind for GCP is that a service account must be created in a project. However, a service account could be given bindings at a level higher than a project, such as permissions at the Folder or even Organization levels. I will refer to these types of permissions as “elevated bindings.” These are dangerous, because the permissions at higher levels could give you access to other security controls, and all the projects under that structure will inherit the permissions.

                                      Resources, applications, users, and even service accounts can all impersonate a service account. Impersonating a service account means that you are able to authenticate as the service account, and now have whatever permissions were granted to it. Logs will show any actions as being performed by the service account. It’s important to understand impersonation, because it could be used in unexpected ways in your environment to escalate privileges.

                                      The Default Service Account

                                      When you first enable the Google Compute Engine, it automatically creates a “Default Service Account.” If you don’t make any custom changes while launching a new virtual machine, it will automatically use the default service account. This means that your virtual machine will authenticate as the service account, so it can make any GCP API calls as that service account. If a user were to SSH into the virtual machine and start running “gcloud” commands, it would utilize those service account credentials to interact with GCP.

                                      Google recommends that you immediately remove the default service account. They recommend that instead you create your own service account and assign it only the permissions required.  Why would that be the case? Well, the default service account contains a lot of permissions.

                                      The default service account from Compute Engine is automatically given the Project Editor role. This role contains more than 1890 permitted API calls at the time that this post was written, including permissions to impersonate other service accounts. If your virtual machine is compromised and  running the default service account, that could open you up to privilege escalation and further compromise.

                                      Access Scopes

                                      The only thing stopping the default service account from being able to utilize all of its permissions are the “access scopes” assigned to the virtual machine. This is a control that dictates which APIs the service account is able to access. So, if the service account is granted access to the Storage API in the IAM policy, the account still cannot access the Storage API if the access scopes do not include the Storage API. Here is an example the access scope options available in the GCP console:

                                      If you have “Allow full access to all Cloud APIs” selected, then the service account can use all of its permitted API calls. This is configured per virtual machine, so your environment could have varied levels of access for its virtual machines.

                                      Compromise

                                      If one of your workloads has been compromised while running the default service account and it also has full scopes enabled, then it could easily enumerate other service accounts in the same project, and even impersonate those service accounts. This is because the default service account has project editor permissions.  Those permissions include the ability to impersonate other service accounts in that project.

                                      If the same project contains service accounts with elevated bindings (permissions at the Folder or Organization levels), then that service account can be easily impersonated by the compromised workload. Once the workload is used to impersonate it, that account is now only limited by the permissions granted to the service account with elevated bindings. This could include adding new users, tearing down VPC Service Controls (or other security controls), and launching its own workloads.

                                      Recommendations

                                      Due to the dangerous nature of the default service account running with full scopes assigned, we recommend doing the following in your GCP environment:

                                      1. Designate a project that will be used for any accounts that require elevated bindings. Keep that project as secure as possible and do not populate it with any public workloads.
                                      2. Keep track of who or what can impersonate service accounts. If you lose track of this, privilege escalation becomes a much larger risk.
                                      3. Don’t use the default service accounts for your workloads. If your workload does not need to access GCP APIs, then remove the service account all together.
                                      4. Don’t create bindings that include primitive roles whenever possible. These are broad, and permissions should be more granular.
                                      author image
                                      Colin Estep
                                      Colin Estep has 16 years of experience in software, with 11 years focused on information security. He's a researcher at Netskope, where he focuses on security for AWS and GCP.
                                      Colin Estep has 16 years of experience in software, with 11 years focused on information security. He's a researcher at Netskope, where he focuses on security for AWS and GCP.

                                      Mantenha-se informado!

                                      Assine para receber as últimas novidades do Blog da Netskope