Accélérez votre parcours Security Service Edge. Rejoignez Netskope chez RSA.

  • Produits de périphérie du service de sécurité

    Protégez-vous contre les menaces avancées et compatibles avec le cloud et protégez les données sur tous les vecteurs.

  • Borderless SD-WAN

    Fournissez en toute confiance un accès sécurisé et performant à chaque utilisateur, appareil, site et cloud distant.

  • Plateforme

    Une visibilité inégalée et une protection des données et des menaces en temps réel sur le plus grand cloud privé de sécurité au monde.

Netskope reconnu comme un des leaders dans le rapport du Magic Quadrant™ 2022 du Gartner dédié au SSE

Recevoir le rapport Présentation des produits
Netskope gartner mq 2022 leader sse
Réponse rapide de Gartner® : Quel est l'impact de l'acquisition d'Infiot par Netskope sur les projets SD-WAN, SASE et SSE ?

Recevoir le rapport
Gartner quick answer
Netskope offre une solution moderne de sécurité du cloud, dotée de fonctions unifiées en matière de protection des données et de détection des menaces, et d'un accès privé sécurisé.

Découvrir notre plateforme
Vue aérienne d'une métropole
Optez pour les meilleurs services de sécurité cloud du marché, avec un temps de latence minimum et une fiabilité élevée.

Plus d'informations
Lighted highway through mountainside switchbacks
Neutralisez les menaces qui échappent souvent à d'autres solutions de sécurité à l'aide d'un framework SSE unifié.

Plus d'informations
Lighting storm over metropolitan area
Solutions Zero Trust pour les déploiements du SSE et du SASE

Plus d'informations
Boat driving through open sea
Netskope permet à toutes les entreprises d'adopter des services et des applications cloud ainsi que des infrastructures cloud publiques rapidement et en toute sécurité.

Plus d'informations
Wind turbines along cliffside
  • Nos clients

    Netskope sert plus de 2 000 clients dans le monde, dont plus de 25 des entreprises du classement Fortune 100

  • Solutions pour les clients

    Nous sommes là pour vous et avec vous à chaque étape, pour assurer votre succès avec Netskope.

  • Formation et certification

    Avec Netskope, devenez un expert de la sécurité du cloud.

Nous parons nos clients à l'avenir, quel qu'il soit

Voir nos clients
Woman smiling with glasses looking out window
L’équipe de services professionnels talentueuse et expérimentée de Netskope propose une approche prescriptive pour une mise en œuvre réussie.

Plus d'informations
Services professionnels Netskope
Sécurisez votre parcours de transformation numérique et tirez le meilleur parti de vos applications cloud, Web et privées grâce à la formation Netskope.

Plus d'informations
Group of young professionals working
  • Ressources

    Découvrez comment Netskope peut vous aider à sécuriser votre migration vers le Cloud.

  • Blog

    Découvrez comment Netskope permet de transformer la sécurité et les réseaux à l'aide du Security Service Edge (SSE).

  • Événements et ateliers

    Restez à l'affût des dernières tendances en matière de sécurité et créez des liens avec vos pairs.

  • Définition de la sécurité

    Tout ce que vous devez savoir dans notre encyclopédie de la cybersécurité.

Podcast Security Visionaries

Episode 10 : Construire des relations de sécurité par la transparence
In this episode, Mike and Andreas discuss aligning with works councils, forging business relationships through transparency, and embedding security into value streams.

Écouter le podcast
Building Security Relationships Through Transparency
Découvrez comment Netskope permet de passer au Zero Trust et au modèle SASE grâce aux fonctions du Security Service Edge (SSE).

Lire le blog
Sunrise and cloudy sky
Netskope at RSA

Join Netskope at RSA Conference this year and be part of the real conversations on SASE and Zero Trust. Stop by our booth in South Hall, chat with an expert, register for our speaking sessions, and unwind by joining us at one of our events!

Plus d'informations
RSA logo
Qu'est-ce que le Security Service Edge ?

Découvrez le côté sécurité de SASE, l'avenir du réseau et de la protection dans le cloud.

Plus d'informations
Four-way roundabout
  • Entreprise

    Nous vous aidons à conserver une longueur d'avance sur les défis posés par le cloud, les données et les réseaux en matière de sécurité.

  • Pourquoi Netskope

    La transformation du cloud et le travail à distance ont révolutionné le fonctionnement de la sécurité.

  • Équipe de direction

    Nos dirigeants sont déterminés à faciliter la réussite de nos clients.

  • Partenaires

    Nous collaborons avec des leaders de la sécurité pour vous aider à sécuriser votre transition vers le cloud.

Netskope permet l'avenir du travail.

En savoir plus
Curvy road through wooded area
Netskope redéfinit la sécurité du cloud, des données et des réseaux afin d'aider les entreprises à appliquer les principes Zero Trust pour protéger leurs données.

Plus d'informations
Switchback road atop a cliffside
Penseurs, concepteurs, rêveurs, innovateurs. Ensemble, nous fournissons le nec plus ultra des solutions de sécurité cloud afin d'aider nos clients à protéger leurs données et leurs collaborateurs.

Rencontrez notre équipe
Group of hikers scaling a snowy mountain
La stratégie de commercialisation de Netskope privilégie ses partenaires, ce qui leur permet de maximiser leur croissance et leur rentabilité, tout en transformant la sécurité des entreprises.

Plus d'informations
Group of diverse young professionals smiling

Technical Analysis of Xbooster parasitic Monero Miner

May 21 2018
Tags
cryptocurrency
mining
monero
Netskope Threat Research Labs
Ransomware
zminer

We recently published an article about the Xbooster parasitic malware campaign that uses Amazon Web Services (AWS) to deliver the payloads and exfiltrate victims host details. This blog will detail the technical analysis of Xbooster, the different Xbooster strains, and the Monero earnings of the associated accounts.

The Xbooster Monero miner that we initially observed was delivered by a drive-by-download, http://54[.]214[.]196[.]101/afplayer/aivengo_down[.]php?clickid=820d1j6slqdhqf9f. The URL path suggests the malware distribution involved in a “pay-per-install” (PPI)/ “pay-per-click” (PPC) model. This model generates revenue for each install or click to the threat actor.

The URL delivered a file disguised as Adobe flash player named AdobeFlashPlayer__820d1j6slqdhqf9f.exe in the format AdobeFlashPlayer__<clickid number>.exe. The sample also contained a PDB path – C:\Work\Xmrig_console_explorer4\Release\aivengo.pdb

The sample contained a zip file encapsulated in the resource section as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Xbooster resource section

The password zip file is unzipped during runtime with a password ‘1’. This routine is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Password of the zip file in the resource section

The zip file contains two binaries named xmrig.exe and manager.exe in the %Appdata%\Xbooster folder. In Windows XP, for persistence, the same files are also launched via job files named explorer.job and manager.job. The explorer.job file is used for launching the xmrig miner with the associated Monero receipt wallet hardcoded in the Xbooster binary as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3:  Explorer.job file created by Xbooster

Apart from the creation of the above-mentioned entries, Xbooster tries to notify the host, ztracker[.]xyz using the associated click ID “820d1j6slqdhqf9f”, that the host has been infected. Though the click ID’s are easily configurable, it becomes clear that the Xbooster malware distribution follows a PPI / PPC model. As an example, the packet capture of a get request using a click ID 12345.exe– is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Xbooster installation notification to ztracker[.]xyz

The passive DNS records gave us further intelligence about the host, ztracker[.]xyz. At the time of analysis, the host resolved to two IP addresses 54[.]71[.]60[.]18 and 35[.]161[.]204[.]189 as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Virustotal Passive DNS records of ztracker[.]xyz

The binaries communicating with these IPs were exclusively dominated by Xbooster binaries in the Virustotal Passive DNS records.

The execution flow of the binary in Windows 7 environment of Netskope Cloud Sandbox is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Execution flow of Xbooster in Netskope Cloud Sandbox

Analysis of Xmrig.exe

Xmrig.exe is a Monero CPU miner that supports stratum protocol. Stratum is an open source client-server “overlay” protocol that enables thin clients, and most commonly used by coin miners. The miner supports a wide range of options as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Xmrig CPU miner options

Xmrig miner has an interesting option named “donation” that donates mining power to the XMRig developers. It is generally 5% (5 minutes in 100 minutes), but this can be reduced to 1% via command line option –donate-level. This provision can also be an option for the threat actors in using the xmrig miner.

The packet capture of the mining operation is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Xmrig packet capture

The mining operation is carried by worker 39 to the associated Monero account using a routine as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Worker 39 used by the Monero account

Depending on whether the Windows Operating System is 32-bit or 64-bit, the mining operation is carried using one of two Monero addresses hardcoded in Xbooster binary. This decision is taken using the GetNativeSystemInfo API as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10: GetNativeSystemInfo usage to check a 32-bit/64-bit Windows OS

The mining operation in 32-bit Windows OS via command line using xmrig Monero CPU miner with 1% donation is shown below.

“%appdata%\Xbooster\xmrig.exe” -o stratum+tcp://xmr-eu1.nanopool.org:14444 -u 45amt6kvQJo7kUKnrcwLuAV4vo8hfeu8kWhkjP39P6JCQ64oiTEyqAe7Z8fUxBCFLxBQzYEzkAFVsSeDv7bg5dFM4efV5mc/39 -p x –donate-level=1 -B -t 1

The same mining operation in a 64-bit Windows OS via command line using xmrig Monero CPU miner with 1% donation is shown below.

“%appdata%\Xbooster\xmrig.exe” -o stratum+tcp://xmr-eu1.nanopool.org:14444 -u 41ompKc8rx9eEXtAAm6RJTTm6jg8p6v3y33UqLMsUJS3gdUh739yf7ThiSVzsU4me7hbtVB61rf7EAVsJeRJKGQH4LFi3hR/39 -p x –donate-level=1 -B -t 1

We believe the choice of using specific accounts for 32-bit and 64-bit Windows OS must be for the efficacy in generating the coin using the pool.

At the time of this technical analysis, according to the website xmr.nanopool.org both the Monero addresses had a total payout of 16.89 XMR with 125 workers of which 51 workers were online.

Analysis of Manager.exe

The behavior and working of manger.exe are similar to Zminer, which was detailed by us in a previous blog. The binary downloads the same file named “DBUpdater.exe” from an Amazon S3 URL which is encrypted in the binary as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Decryption of the encrypted Amazon S3 URL

The packet capture of this activity is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12: DBUpdater.exe downloaded from Amazon S3

Analysis of DBUpdater.exe

Similar to manager.exe, DBupdater.exe has the same functionality as covered earlier in our research of Zminer. The sample also had the same PDB – C:\Work\SilentUpdater8\Release\ajfhkjjhdffghd.pdb

DBupdater.exe exfiltrates the infected host details recorded in a file named, ‘log.txt’, to a C&C server 54.188.61.251 within AWS whose host resolved to

ec2-54-188-61-251.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com. Interestingly, the URL path was same as that of Zminer. The packet capture of the exfiltrated victims host details is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Victims host details exfiltration
More intel on DBUpdater

The passive DNS records from Virustotal gave us more intel related to the Amazon IPs 54[.]188[.]61[.]251 and 54[.]214[.]246[.]97 that we had seen with Xbooster and Zmine. DBupdater contained an extensive set of entries and URLs related to several adware. Interestingly, the binary also contained a set of Amazon S3 URLs as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14:  DBUpdater Amazon S3 URLs

On closer observation of the Amazon S3 URLs we noticed some URLs to be related to Zminer. The entries related to Zminer in the binary are shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Zminer related entries in the Xbooster DBUpdater payload

Based on the intel collected from the DBUpdater binary, we believe Zminer and Xbooster could be likely related to the same threat actor.

Xbooster Strains, Variations and Evolution

All the analysis and research carried out till now has clearly inferred the presence of several binaries. We observed a lot of binaries with a lot of iterations and combinations. The list of variations we observed are as follows

  • Monero miner and manager executable as separate resource sections
  • Resource sections containing Monero miner as a zip file without password and manager executable
  • Resource section containing Monero miner and manager executable in the resource section as zip file without password
  • Monero miner and manager executable in the resource as a zip file with password
  • Xbooster signed binaries – INNOVAT-NN, OOO
  • Xbooster with the email ID in the mining command line parameter
  • Xbooster evolution to deliver the zip file from Amazon S3 (which was previously from the resource).

The initial variants of Xbooster contained the xmrig miner and manager binaries in different resource sections. In the next variants, the binaries had the resource sections that contained the manager binary and the Monero miner as a zip file without the password as shown in Figure 16.

Figure 16: One of the initial versions of Zminer

Additionally, the Amazon S3 URL for downloading the next stage payload was not encrypted in the manager executable for this iteration. The newer variants encapsulated the Monero and manager executables encapsulated as a zip file without a password and then eventually ended up with a password protected zip file in the resource section.

One of the binaries included the Gmail email address, allstarchannel102[@]gmail.com in the mining operation of the command line. See Figure 17.

Figure 17: Xbooster binary with email ID

During mid February 2018, the threat actor also attempted to obtain a digital signature for some set of Xbooster binaries. The digital signature was issued to INNOVAT-NN, OOO by Comodo. However, by the time we stumbled across these signed binaries, the certificate was explicitly revoked by its issuer as shown in Figure 18.

Figure 18: Revoked certified which was issued to INNOVAT-NN, OOO

However, the latest iteration of the Xbooster binaries downloaded a zip file Amazon S3 that contained the xmrig miner and the manager binaries as shown in Figure 21.

Figure 19: Zip file downloaded from Amazon S3.

The malware also tried to notify the host, ytracker[.]cf that the host has been infected with Xbooster as shown in Figure 22.

Figure 20: Xbooster installation notification to ytracker[.]cf

At the time of analysis, the URL ytracker[.]cf resolved to the IP address 52[.]37[.]185[.]162 according the passive DNS records of Virustotal. The IP address contained records of several such PPI tracking websites with TLD’s xyz,cf,ga,ml and tk related to Xbooster

Since Xbooster Monero miners with mining pools have been most commonly deployed by threat actors, users can consider blocking the Monero mining pools in the corporate environment.

Monero Earnings

From the study of the binaries, selection of wallets, and PPI models, the existence of several binaries and Monero accounts became evident. We had access to 21 unique Monero accounts/wallets used in an extensive set of Xbooster binaries.The accounts had a payment of 401.52 XMR (close to $100,000) using 293 workers. The details of the wallets, workers, and payments are shown in the table below.

Details of the payment for the Xbooster associated Monero accounts

Since the campaign is ongoing and the parasitic Monero coin miners are getting generated in many numbers, the Monero accounts, workers and payout are also expected to increase.

author image
Ashwin Vamshi
Ashwin Vamshi is a Security Researcher with innate interest in targeted attacks and malwares using cloud services. He is primarily focusing in identifying new attack vectors and malwares, campaigns and threat actors using ‘cloud as an attack vector.’