閉める
閉める
明日に向けたネットワーク
明日に向けたネットワーク
サポートするアプリケーションとユーザー向けに設計された、より高速で、より安全で、回復力のあるネットワークへの道を計画します。
          Netskopeを体験しませんか?
          Get Hands-on With the Netskope Platform
          Here's your chance to experience the Netskope One single-cloud platform first-hand. Sign up for self-paced, hands-on labs, join us for monthly live product demos, take a free test drive of Netskope Private Access, or join us for a live, instructor-led workshops.
            SSEのリーダー。 現在、シングルベンダーSASEのリーダーです。
            SSEのリーダー。 現在、シングルベンダーSASEのリーダーです。
            Netskope、2024年Gartner®社のシングルベンダーSASEのマジック・クアドラントでリーダーの1社の位置付けと評価された理由をご確認ください。
              ダミーのためのジェネレーティブAIの保護
              ダミーのためのジェネレーティブAIの保護
              Learn how your organization can balance the innovative potential of generative AI with robust data security practices.
                Modern data loss prevention (DLP) for Dummies eBook
                最新の情報漏えい対策(DLP)for Dummies
                Get tips and tricks for transitioning to a cloud-delivered DLP.
                  SASEダミーのための最新のSD-WAN ブック
                  Modern SD-WAN for SASE Dummies
                  遊ぶのをやめる ネットワークアーキテクチャに追いつく
                    リスクがどこにあるかを理解する
                    Advanced Analytics transforms the way security operations teams apply data-driven insights to implement better policies. With Advanced Analytics, you can identify trends, zero in on areas of concern and use the data to take action.
                        レガシーVPNを完全に置き換えるための6つの最も説得力のあるユースケース
                        レガシーVPNを完全に置き換えるための6つの最も説得力のあるユースケース
                        Netskope One Private Access is the only solution that allows you to retire your VPN for good.
                          Colgate-Palmoliveは、スマートで適応性のあるデータ保護により「知的財産」を保護します
                          Colgate-Palmoliveは、スマートで適応性のあるデータ保護により「知的財産」を保護します
                            Netskope GovCloud
                            NetskopeがFedRAMPの高認証を達成
                            政府機関の変革を加速するには、Netskope GovCloud を選択してください。
                              Let's Do Great Things Together
                              Netskopeのパートナー中心の市場開拓戦略により、パートナーは企業のセキュリティを変革しながら、成長と収益性を最大化できます。
                                Netskopeソリューション
                                Netskope Cloud Exchange
                                Netskope Cloud Exchange (CE) provides customers with powerful integration tools to leverage investments across their security posture.
                                  Netskopeテクニカルサポート
                                  Netskopeテクニカルサポート
                                  クラウドセキュリティ、ネットワーキング、仮想化、コンテンツ配信、ソフトウェア開発など、多様なバックグラウンドを持つ全世界にいる有資格のサポートエンジニアが、タイムリーで質の高い技術支援を行っています。
                                    Netskopeの動画
                                    Netskopeトレーニング
                                    Netskopeのトレーニングは、クラウドセキュリティのエキスパートになるためのステップアップに活用できます。Netskopeは、お客様のデジタルトランスフォーメーションの取り組みにおける安全確保、そしてクラウド、Web、プライベートアプリケーションを最大限に活用するためのお手伝いをいたします。

                                      Obfuscated Javascript Malware using Cloud Services

                                      May 17 2017
                                      Tags
                                      Cloud Best Practices
                                      Cloud Malware
                                      Cloud Security
                                      Netskope Threat Research Labs
                                      Tools and Tips

                                      Netskope Threat Research Labs has recently observed a new wave of malicious file patterns where cloud-based storage services are again abused for hosting obfuscated JavaScript files. We have seen such malicious files in enterprise customers using some of the popular cloud storage and collaboration services. These malicious files had specific naming conventions similar to popular web browser setup files such as “Chrome_58.3.8.1.js” and Firefox_Setup_Stub_54.8.7.” Interestingly, these versions of browsers are not yet released — attackers might be capitalizing on their upcoming release to lure users into downloading the file. Netskope Threat Protection detects these malicious files as Backdoor.Agnt.PXW.

                                      The JavaScript contained in these malicious files is heavily obfuscated and uses various anti-deobfuscation techniques to circumvent reverse-engineering attempts. Upon successful execution of the script, it communicates with its command and control servers. A complete technical analysis of Javascript is discussed in subsequent sections of this blog.

                                      Observations

                                      The use of cloud services for hosting and delivering malware is being rapidly adopted by threat actors. Although this malicious JavaScript is currently only communicating with its C&C server, we believe it may be early part of any upcoming campaign based on the specific filenames adopted by the attackers. Netskope Threat Research Labs has worked with cloud storage providers like Dropbox to take down the URLs hosting the malicious payloads. We will continue to closely monitor the developments of this possible attack campaign and  update our blog with new findings. Enterprise customers need novel approaches for detecting suspicious or malicious files hosted, downloaded or shared through the cloud services. Using a threat-aware cloud access security broker (CASB)  that includes threat protection, such as Netskope Threat Protection, can detect, protect and remediate threats while allowing customers to be agile in adopting cloud services. 

                                      Malicious File Analysis

                                      The malicious JavaScript file seems to be just communicating with its C&C (command and control) server and no further activities were observed. We suspect that attackers are testing some initial attack vectors by hosting first payload on cloud services. The malicious payload was multi-layered and heavily obfuscated as shown in Figure 1.

                                      Figure 1: Obfuscated malicious JavaScript file

                                      Due to heavy obfuscation, the script failed to deobfuscate inside some analysis tools and required manual deobfuscation. We were able to deobfuscate its first layer under controlled environment using Internet Explorer developer’s debugging tool. After some debugging of the code, one of the variables held a much better readable script as shown in Figure 2.

                                      Figure 2: Deobfuscating first layer script code using debugging

                                      On further debugging, the script threw an error after deobfuscating its first layer code as shown in Figure 3.

                                      Figure 3: First layer deobfuscated script code

                                      The above script is much more readable but needs to be formatted for better understanding.  Here is how the first part of the de-obfuscated script looks like as shown in Figure 4.

                                      Figure 4: Initial part of the formatted first layer deobfuscated script

                                      And the last section of the script contains interesting code as shown in Figure 5.

                                      Figure 5: Last section of the formatted first layer deobfuscated script

                                      The Summary of activities performed by the script are listed below:

                                      1. First the script declares garbage variables.
                                      2. The script uses the “arguments.callee” property to retrieve the source of execution.
                                      3. The script then generates final variable “callerFunctionText” by appending the browser identified (always Mozilla) using “navigator.appCodeName” property and hard coded string “callerFunctionText”.
                                      4. The script calculates final key values in an array.
                                      5. The script does some XOR operations using keys and input parameter.
                                      6. Finally, the script joins the array and executes it as another function to do its final malicious activity.

                                      Use of Arguments.callee() to prevent deobfuscation

                                      As we said above, this script uses the “arguments.callee.toString()” property, which contains the currently executing function and “arguments.callee.caller.toString()” returns caller function code. This is a very well known trick used by attackers in order to prevent modification of the code. So, any changes made inside this script will fail the final deobfuscation. That being said, our manual debugging fails and the script throws an error as shown in Figure 6.

                                      Figure 6: Script throws error since caller function returns null

                                      Since we have formatted and deobfuscated the first layer, property “arguments.callee.caller.caller.toString()” returns null as the caller function is changed. So we will have to debug from the original first layer script code without formatting the code. To understand what those caller function variables contain, we will re-run the first layer script inside the debugger. The debugger stops and throws an error allowing us to see variable values as shown in Figure 7.

                                      Figure 7: Script fails to execute due to arguments.callee() trick

                                      The script failed again due to some changes inside preventing final deobfuscation, but we now know what the script expects and does. Once executed, the script will contact its C&C (command and control) server with a POST request as shown below in Figure 8.

                                      Figure 8. Malicious script communicates with its C&C server

                                      General Recommendations

                                      • Detect and remediate cloud threats using a threat-aware CASB solution like Netskope and enforce policy on usage of unsanctioned applications as well as unsanctioned instances of sanctioned cloud applications
                                      • Sample policies to enforce:
                                        • Scan all uploads from unmanaged devices to sanctioned cloud applications for malware
                                        • Scan all uploads from remote devices to sanctioned cloud applications for malware
                                        • Scan all downloads from unsanctioned cloud applications for malware
                                        • Scan all downloads from unsanctioned instances of sanctioned cloud applications for malware
                                        • Enforce quarantine/block actions on malware detection to reduce user impact
                                        • Block unsanctioned instances of sanctioned/well known cloud apps, to prevent attackers from exploiting user trust in cloud. While this seems a little restrictive, it significantly reduces the risk of malware infiltration attempts via cloud
                                      • Enforce DLP policies to control files and data en route to or from your corporate environment
                                      • Regularly back up and turn on versioning for critical content in cloud services
                                      • Enable the “View known file extensions” option on Windows machines
                                      • Warn users to avoid executing unsigned macros and macros from an untrusted source, unless they are very sure that they are benign
                                      • Warn users to avoid executing any file unless they are very sure that they are benign
                                      • Warn users against opening untrusted attachments, regardless of their extensions or filenames
                                      • Keep systems and antivirus updated with the latest releases and patches

                                      Stay informed!

                                      Subscribe for the latest from the Netskope Blog