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Malicious Office Documents: Multiple Ways to Deliver Payloads

Nov 19 2021

Co-authored by Gustavo Palazolo and Ghanashyam Satpathy

Summary

Several malware families are distributed via Microsoft Office documents infected with malicious VBA code, such as Emotet, IceID, Dridex, and BazarLoader. We have also seen many techniques employed by attackers when it comes to infected documents, such as the usage of PowerShell and WMI to evade signature-based threat detection. In this blog post, we will show three additional techniques attackers use to craft malicious Office documents.

Technique 01: VBA Code Executing Shellcode via Process Injection

The first technique involves a malicious VBA script that is used to execute a shellcode, which eventually leads to the deployment of other malware.

The VBA code is automatically executed with the “AutoOpen” feature, and from extracted macro code, we can see references to Windows APIs that are often used for process injection.

Screenshot of Windows APIs used by the VBA code.
Windows APIs used by the VBA code.

Going further, we can find a large array with integers, which are all the bytes of the shellcode.

Example of shellcode bytes within an array.
Shellcode bytes within an array.

And finally, we have the code that is responsible for executing the shellcode.

In this case, the code will be injected into “rundll32.exe” through a popular technique:

  1. A “rundll32.exe” process is created with CreateProcessA, named “RunStuff”;
  2. The code allocates a memory space in the process with VirtualAllocEx, named “AllocStuff”;
  3. The shellcode is written into the newly allocated space with WriteProcessMemory, named “WriteStuff”.
  4. Lastly, the shellcode is executed through CreateRemoteThread, named “CreateStuff”.

Once the shellcode is running, it contacts a malicious server to download the next stage, which can be any additional malware the attacker desires.

Screenshot of Shellcode executed through the infected document.
Shellcode executed through the infected document.

Technique 02: VBA Code Abusing Certutil

This one is a bit more interesting than the first one, as the malicious VBA code is using a Living-off-the-Land technique to carry out the attack.

After extracting the macro, we can see that the malware uses the “AutoOpen” feature to execute two functions, respectively “DropThyself” and “EstablishThyself”.

Screenshot of Functions executed once the document is opened.
Functions executed once the document is opened.

The first called function creates a file named “GoogleUpdater.crt” and writes a large base64 content in the certificate format.