The top adversary group targeting users of the Netskope Security Cloud platform was Wizard Spider (a.k.a. UNC1878, TEMP.MixMaster, Grim Spider), a Russia-based criminal adversary credited with creating the TrickBot malware. The TrickBot malware was originally created as a banking Trojan, but has since evolved into a complex malware platform containing information stealing, lateral movement, command and control, and data exfiltration components. As is typical of criminal adversary groups, Wizard Spider has targeted a wide variety of victim organizations with ransomware. Among the tactics and techniques used by Wizard Spider include the six techniques highlighted in this report around spearphishing, user execution, and command and control.

Other active criminal adversary groups relying heavily on ransomware included TA505 (a.k.a. Hive0065), who is responsible for the Clop ransomware, and FIN7 (a.k.a. GOLD NIAGARA, ITG14, Carbon Spider), who used the REvil ransomware and created the Darkside ransomware. While the top criminal adversary groups targeting Netskope customers are Russian and Ukrainian, the top geopolitical adversary groups are Chinese, led by memupass (a.k.a. Cicada, POTASSIUM, Stone Panda, APT10, Red Apollo, CVNX, HOGFISH) and Aquatic Panda, both of whom have targeted a variety of different types of organizations worldwide.

Geography and industry are significant factors in determining which adversaries are likely to target an organization. Geopolitical adversaries tend to target specific regions and industries for their intellectual property, while financially motivated adversaries tend to develop playbooks optimized for targeting similar organizations, where they can recycle techniques with minimal customization. By industry vertical, there are two that stand out: financial services and healthcare. In those two verticals, the split between criminal and geopolitical adversary activities is nearly 50/50. Meanwhile in the other industry verticals, the split is closer to 80/20. This indicates that organizations in the financial services and healthcare sector are more commonly targeted by geopolitical adversaries.

These differences are also apparent when comparing the likely sources of the adversary activity in each industry. Because many of the criminal adversaries we are tracking are located in Russia, the industries with the highest percentage of criminal activity also have the highest percentages of activity attributable to groups based in Russia. Meanwhile, financial services and healthcare (the industries targeted by more geopolitical adversaries) have a more even mixture of adversaries targeting them from Russia, the Middle East, and China. The other adversary locations not shown in the chart below include North Korea, Pakistan, India, Vietnam, and Nigeria.

By region, the most active adversaries also differ significantly, with two stand-out regions: Australia and North America. Both of these regions stand out by having the highest percentage of adversary activity attributable to criminal groups.This indicates that users in the US and Australia are more likely to be targeted by criminal adversaries, whereas in other parts of the world, the split of geopolitical and criminal adversary activity is closer to 50/50.

The breakdown of regional adversary activity follows a similar pattern as the industry data: the regions targeted by criminal groups tend to be targeted by groups based in Russia, while the regions with a higher percentage of geopolitical activity tend to see a more significant percentage of adversary activity attributed to geopolitical groups in China.

The Mitre ATT&CK framework provides a common language for adversary groups, their tactics, and their techniques. Defenders can use this framework to determine whether their defenses are appropriately matched against their adversaries. For each of the techniques discussed in this report, this section provides specific recommendations.

Initial Access: Spearphishing Links
Implement anti-phishing defenses that go beyond email to ensure that users are protected against spearphishing links no matter where they originate. A SWG solution that inspects DNS traffic, cloud traffic, and web traffic for evidence of phishing can prevent users from visiting spearphishing links regardless of origin, using signatures and intelligence to protect against known phishing threats and AI to protect against unknown and targeted threats. Netskope customers can configure their Netskope NG-SWG to protect against phishing. Remote Browser Isolation (RBI) technology can provide additional protection when there is a need to visit websites in categories that can present higher risk, like newly observed and newly registered domains, personal webmail, and social media.

Initial Access: Spearphishing Attachments
While spearphishing link protections can also help protect against users that click on links in spearphishing attachment, a more robust defense will provide additional protections against users downloading spearphishing attachments. Because they can come from multiple sources, an effective strategy will inspect all HTTP and HTTPS downloads, including all web and cloud traffic, for evidence of spearphishing using threat intelligence, signatures, heuristics, and AI. Netskope customers can configure their Netskope NG-SWG with a Threat Protection policy that applies to downloads of all file types from all sources. Inspecting content downloads from popular cloud apps (like Microsoft OneDrive) is particularly important to protect against adversaries abusing such apps to deliver malware.

Execution: Malicious Link and Execution: Malicious File
Because adversaries use multiple channels to deliver malware, including popular cloud apps like Microsoft OneDrive, an effective defensive strategy must inspect all traffic–including web and cloud–for malicious content. Ensure that high-risk file types, like executables and archives, are thoroughly inspected using a combination of static and dynamic analysis before being downloaded. Netskope Advanced Threat Protection customers can use a Patient Zero Prevention Policy to hold downloads until they have been fully inspected by multiple static and dynamic analysis engines, including ones that use AI to detect targeted attacks. Netskope customers can configure their Netskope NG-SWG with a Threat Protection policy that applies to downloads of all file types from all sources. To further reduce risk surface, configure policies to block downloads from apps that are not used in your organization to reduce your risk surface to only those apps and instances (company vs. personal) that are necessary. Block downloads of all risky file types from newly registered domains, newly observed domains, and other risky categories.

Command and Control: Application Layer Protocol: Web Protocols
An effective strategy to detect and prevent adversary C2 traffic over web protocols includes using a SWG and an IPS to block communication to known C2 infrastructure and exhibiting common C2 patterns. Netskope Advanced Threat Protection customers can use the IPS and Advanced UEBA features to identify C2 traffic and other signals of post-compromise behavior. Blocking newly registered domains, newly observed domains, and alerting on unusual network traffic patterns can also reduce risk surface and enable early detection. DNS Security and Cloud Firewall can also be used to protect against non-HTTP/HTTPS C2 traffic.

Exfiltration: Exfiltration over C2 Channel
The same protections for detecting and preventing adversary C2 traffic can also be effective against data exfiltration over the same C2 channel or any other web protocols. Netskope customers using DLP can configure policies that restrict where data can be uploaded, effectively limiting the channels over which the attacker is able to exfiltrate data. Netskope customers using Advanced UEBA have additional protections against C2 that include the identification of data transfer anomalies, including spikes of uploads to unusual locations and the transfer of encrypted or encoded content (a common technique used by adversaries).

In summary, an assessment of what traffic is inspected versus bypassed is vital for your defenses to protect users, data, applications, and infrastructure from these adversaries. Knowing you are inspecting all possible traffic, the next step is to align defenses to the six techniques noted in this report. Some defenses will rely on signatures and patterns, while innovations in AI/ML (e.g., algorithms, feature extractors, and anomaly detection) can be used to protect against unknown or zero-day threats. Once or twice per year, assess how adversaries are pivoting to evade current defenses and review what new defenses are available to protect your users, data, applications, and infrastructure.